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The ``dawn of hope'' of the new crown epidemic counts the world's eight potential vaccines

2020-08-28T05:07:13.057Z


The new crown pneumonia epidemic is raging around the world, and countries are stepping up the development of new crown pneumonia vaccines. Currently, there are about 167 new crown vaccines in the world under development, of which 31 are entering the first and second phases of human trials. In addition, now


World theory

Written by: Luo Baoxi

2020-08-28 13:00

Last update date: 2020-08-28 13:00

The new crown pneumonia epidemic is raging around the world, and countries are stepping up the development of new crown pneumonia vaccines. Currently, there are about 167 new crown vaccines in the world under development, of which 31 are entering the first and second phases of human trials. In addition, there are currently about eight vaccines that are most anticipated by the outside world. All of them have entered the third phase of testing. They can be said to be a glimmer of hope since the eight-month epidemic.

The world is racing against time to step up research on the new coronary pneumonia vaccine. (Reuters)

The so-called "third stage" is the final testing stage that the vaccine must go through. Previously, it would go through the "discovery and preclinical" stage, the "clinical stage", the first stage and the second clinical testing stage to ensure its safety and well-being Protection. The vaccine needs to successfully pass through each stage before proceeding to the next stage. From beginning to end, the process of developing a vaccine generally takes more than ten years to complete and costs hundreds of millions of dollars. But under the severe epidemic of COVID-19, countries are stepping up the speed of research and development.

Recently, there have been frequent good news in vaccine research and development, including progress in individual vaccine research and development, and Russian vaccines taking the lead in global registration. What is the current progress of the eight most anticipated vaccines? What are their vaccine types, efficacy, advantages and disadvantages? The following is a brief introduction to the four categories and eight vaccines one by one:

Moderna expects to launch the vaccine as soon as the end of this year. (Reuters)

(1) mRNA nucleic acid vaccine:

1. American biotechnology company Moderna's mRNA-1273 vaccine

The "mRNA-1273" vaccine is the first vaccine to be tested in humans in the United States. It will be tested on 30,000 healthy adults without respiratory diseases in 89 places across the United States, including Texas, the hardest hit area. It is expected to be 11 There will be results in the month.

●When it will be available: It is expected that by the end of this year, the company plans to produce 500 million doses of vaccine each year, and it is possible to increase production to 1 billion doses in 2021.

●Preliminary pricing: 32 to 60 US dollars (about 250 to 450 Hong Kong dollars), the company stated that the more the quantity bought, the lower the price

●Possible disadvantages: More than half of the participants in the previous trial had side effects, including fatigue at the injection site, chills, headaches, muscle aches and pains.

Pfizer in the United States expects to produce up to 100 million doses of mRNA vaccine by the end of this year. (Getty Images)

2. The BNT162b2 vaccine from BioNTech, a German biotechnology company, and Pfizer in the United States

Another mRNA vaccine, also developed with the new RNA nucleic acid technology, can promote the human body to produce antibodies against the new coronavirus "SARS-CoV-2". Some of the antibodies are neutralizing or can prevent the virus activity. The vaccine also promotes new types of The production of coronavirus-specific T cells. The vaccine has now entered the third phase of testing. It is tested in 120 locations around the world. There are 30,000 testers, and half of them will receive two doses of 30 micrograms of vaccine.

●When will it be available: It is expected to produce up to 100 million doses by the end of this year and about 1.3 billion doses by the end of next year.

●Preliminary pricing: An agreement was signed with the US government earlier, at a price of US$19.5 per dose (about 152 Hong Kong dollars)

●Possible disadvantages: The subject has some side effects, such as fever, fatigue, headache, chills, muscle pain and joint pain.

Hong Kong 01 Drawing

Summary : The biggest advantage of RNA nucleic acid vaccines is that the research and development speed is very fast, which is the first among many vaccine types. Compared with traditional vaccines, RNA nucleic acid vaccines can be put into clinical practice faster, and their safety is also highly promising. However, since mRNA is easily degraded by enzymes in the body, increasing instability may also affect its effectiveness.

The vaccine from Oxford University in the UK has entered the third phase of clinical trials. (Reuters)

(2) Recombinant virus vaccine/Adenovirus vaccine

3. The AZD1222 vaccine between Oxford University and AstraZeneca (AstraZeneca)

The AZD1222 vaccine is made from a weakened version (adenovirus) of the common cold virus that infects chimpanzees. The principle of this type of recombinant virus vaccine is to express the antigen of the virus on the shell of another weakly infectious virus (such as vaccinia virus, adenovirus), which can not only produce antibodies, but also fish out "killer T cells." It has also entered a large-scale Phase III clinical trial, with more than 10,000 testers in the UK, 30,000 in the United States, 2,000 in South Africa, and 5,000 in Brazil.

Based on the knowledge of the technology used in the SARS vaccine, the pharmaceutical factory assumes that people’s immunity can last from 12 to 18 months after being injected with the new crown vaccine. People are expected to be vaccinated every year.

●When will it be available: As soon as October this year, it is planned to provide 300 million doses of safe and effective vaccines by January 2021.

●Preliminary pricing: cost price (expected to be 3 to 4 US dollars per dose, approximately 23 to 31 Hong Kong dollars)

●Possible disadvantages: The vaccine will not cause any serious adverse effects on the participants, but it does cause some mild side effects, such as muscle pain and chills.

4. China Kangxinuo Biological Ad5-nCoV vaccine

The vaccine is developed using adenovirus that infects humans, and the second phase of testing has been completed. The company pointed out that the results of the second phase of its vaccine clinical trial showed that after a single dose of immunization, the vast majority of testers elicited a significant immune response, while no serious adverse reactions occurred in the entire clinical trial.

●When will it be available: unknown

●Preliminary pricing: unknown

●Possible disadvantages: Some subjects have mild or moderate reactions, including fever, fatigue and pain at the injection site.

5. Russian "Sputnik V" vaccine

The vaccine was developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology and was first registered globally by the Russian Ministry of Health on August 11. It is known that the third phase of clinical trials will begin in the middle of this month.

The effectiveness of Russian vaccines is questionable. (Reuters)

●When will it be available: expected early next year

●Preliminary pricing: unknown

●Possible shortcomings: The vaccine was registered and prepared for production before the third phase of the test was completed, which attracted criticism from the scientific and medical circles, and the vaccine's effectiveness was questionable.

Hong Kong 01 Drawing

Summary: The advantage of recombinant virus vaccine or adenovirus vaccine is that it can stimulate a relatively strong immune response. The disadvantage is that there is an immune response to the vector virus. For newly emerging infectious diseases and diseases with a high lethality rate, there is a certain risk in the development of recombinant virus vaccines, because the principle of the vaccine is to introduce a new artificially recombinant live virus, and there are many uncertain factors in safety.

(3) Inactivated vaccine (one of the traditional vaccines)

Some vaccines have entered the third phase of testing in countries with severe epidemics such as Brazil. (Getty Images)

6. Wuhan Institute of Biological Products under Sinopharm

The vaccine started the third phase of clinical testing in the UAE in July. The Minister of Health of Abu Dhabi was the first person to be injected, and 15,000 people are expected to participate.

●When will it be available: expected by the end of this year

●Preliminary pricing: unknown

●Possible disadvantages: The most common adverse reaction is pain at the injection site, followed by mild fever.

The test report of Sinovac vaccine indicated that the vaccine did not cause any serious adverse events. (Reuters)

7. Beijing Branch (Sinovac)

The vaccine also started the third phase of testing in Brazil and Indonesia in July. The governor of Sao Paulo, Brazil (Joao Doria) said that the third phase of the test was carried out at the São Paulo Clinical Hospital, and the preliminary results are expected to be announced within 90 days. The company has used the same technology in the past to produce approved vaccines for hepatitis A, hepatitis B and swine flu.

●Time to market: unknown

●Preliminary pricing: unknown

●Possible disadvantages: The research report stated that the vaccine did not cause any serious adverse events.

Hong Kong 01 Drawing

Summary: The inactivated vaccine is made from the pathogen of the virus itself, but the pathogen has been killed by high temperature or chemical substances, which is safer than the attenuated vaccine. But the disadvantage is that additional vaccination may be required to maintain protection. In addition, inactivated vaccines can only induce antibodies to neutralize the virus, and cannot induce a stronger T cell response to kill the virus.

(4) BCG vaccine

8. Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia

The ancient BCG vaccine may become the "dawn" of this epidemic? (Reuters)

Since March, the institute has begun to study the preventive efficacy of BCG vaccine against new coronary pneumonia, and is currently conducting the third phase of trials. Researchers pointed out that BCG vaccination can strengthen their immune system, which can make people more resistant to various viruses and bacteria. Countries are paying close attention to the effectiveness of this century-old vaccine. Harvard University in the United States and the Netherlands also have institutions to conduct related research.

●Time to market: unknown 

●Preliminary pricing: unknown 

●Possible disadvantages: unknown

Summary: It is still necessary to verify the causality clinically, but preliminary studies have shown that the vaccine may bring another light to the fight against the epidemic. All parts of the world may be able to use "existing vaccines" to play a potential protective role in the window period before the advent of the new coronavirus vaccine.

Six types of vaccines:

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World International Topic New Coronary Pneumonia Global Epidemic Vaccine New Coronary Vaccine

Source: hk1

All news articles on 2020-08-28

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