The Covid-19 epidemic is fast becoming the womb of the 21st century.
Through its violence and complexity, it constitutes a ruthless test for the ability of leaders to manage crises, for the efficiency and stability of institutions, for the resilience of societies.
It particularly destabilizes democracies, because health measures, in particular the use of confinement, undermine fundamental freedoms, while the organization of elections and public debate are deeply disturbed.
France is however an exception by the extreme concentration of decisions in the hands of the President of the Republic as well as by the extent of restrictions on freedoms.
The Fifth Republic, organized on the primacy of the State and its leader, has never been a liberal regime.
Presidentialization and the centralization of power have continued to grow.
The pandemic however marks a turning point by pushing to the extreme the temptation of the state and authoritarian
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