It is a historic turning point.
China, the most populous country in the world, where one-sixth of the planet's inhabitants live, saw its population decline last year.
Unheard of for six decades.
This fall promises to be lasting, perhaps until the end of the century according to demographers, which will severely affect the economy and the pension system.
India should dethrone China this year as the country with the most inhabitants, the UN had already announced.
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In 2022, the number of births will have been only 9.56 million in mainland China, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) announced on Tuesday.
At the same time, 10.41 million deaths have been recorded.
This combination of the two phenomena led to a drop in the population (minus 850,000 people).
This is a first since 1960-1961, when a famine, which began in 1959, caused tens of millions of deaths following the errors of the economic policy of the “Great Leap Forward”.
Paradoxically, this decline occurs despite the relaxation of the birth control policy in recent years.
Ten years ago, the Chinese were only allowed to have one child.
Since 2021, they can have three.
“Used to have small families”
How is this decline explained?
First of all, the cost of living has risen sharply in China, as has the cost of raising a child.
And the increasingly high level of education of women is pushing back pregnancies.
"There is also a habit now of having small families, due to the one-child policy that has been in place for decades," said Xiujian Peng, a researcher specializing in Chinese demography at the University of Victoria, in Australia.
The desire to have a child is also less strong among the younger generations.
Independent demographer He Yafu also points to “the decline in the number of women of childbearing age, which fell by five million per year between 2016 and 2021”.
An impact on the economy until 2100
In 2019, the UN still believed that China would not reach its peak population until 2031-2032.
But since then, the fertility rate has collapsed to 1.15 children per woman in 2021, far behind the generation renewal threshold (2.1).
In France, it was 1.8 in 2020.
“The decline and aging of the population (…) will have a profound impact on the Chinese economy, from today to 2100, warns Xiujian Peng.
The decline in the labor force means higher labor costs” and this “will affect China's competitiveness in the global market”.
According to his team's projections, without reform of the pension system, pension payments could represent 20% of GDP in 2100, compared to 4% in 2020.
“The pressure on the assets to provide care for the elderly will be increasing,” warns He Yafu.
(Illustration) WANG Zhao/AFP AFP or licensors
Birth bonuses
Many local authorities have launched measures to encourage couples to procreate.
The metropolis of Shenzhen, in the south, has been offering a birth bonus and allowances paid until the child is three years old.
A couple welcoming their first baby will automatically receive 3,000 yuan (410 euros), or even 10,000 yuan (1,370 euros) if it is the third.
In total, a family with three children will receive 37,500 yuan (5,150 euros) in bonuses and allowances.
Shandong province offers 158 days of maternity leave (60 more than the national norm), starting with the first child.
The metropolis of Changsha, which limits housing purchases to curb speculation, allows couples with two or three children to buy an additional apartment.
587 million Chinese in 2100?
“Above all, the government should clearly affirm that there is no longer a limit to births, in order to recreate a real culture of the birth rate,” says He Yafu.
"A comprehensive set of measures covering childbirth, parenthood and education is necessary to reduce the cost of raising a child," said Xiujian Peng.
Read alsoDemography: Île-de-France could start losing inhabitants from 2050
China's population could decline by an average of 1.1% each year, according to a study by the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.
The most pessimistic projections indicate that China could have only 587 million inhabitants in 2100. That is to say less than half than today.
