2023 was a record year for ultra-Orthodox employment after years of stagnation. But the big picture is far from encouraging: a large income and tax gap, reliance on allowances and a lack of orientation to the labor market.

Chief Rabbi of Israel Yitzhak Yosef: If they force us to go to the army, we will all go abroad. He was referring to the conscription law, but included in the discussion The explosion is another burning issue - the integration of ultra-orthodox men into the labormarket.