Former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan once told how a person joined the bank's Monetary Policy Committee and soon arrived at his office with the following proposal. Greenspan was in favor of economists in government, and especially at the Central Bank, conveying confusion so that certainty does not encourage speculation or deception.

“We are more what we do than what we say we do,” one of his advisors summed up one day in 1989 after George HW Bush won the elections by promising not to raise taxes and then did the opposite.