The debt crisis during the years of Kirchnerism: from Néstor and Cristina to Alberto Fernández. The debt rose to US$323,065 million at the end of Mauricio Macri's government, an increase of another US$82,400 million.

Macri tried to overcome this situation with the extraordinary loan from the IMF. But in reality it worsened the debt because that credit financed the outflow and flight of capital - which was accentuated between 2017 and 2019.