Berlusconi facilitated a bipolar system, in which two blocks that make up very different forces compete and where the radical right found accommodation. The seams of the world, as it has long functioned, are fraying, and the decomposition of old models threatens to reach Brussels as well.

Luciano Cafagna, an important economic historian and politician, said around 2009 that “a right-wing tendency would certainly persist in the electoral body” He was right, now Giorgia Meloni governs Italy, a woman who started with the heirs of fascism.