Students from Île-de-France remain over-represented. In business schools, they make up 34% of the workforce.

But they only represent 16% of baccalaureate graduates. The most selective courses – HEC, Essec or ESCP – are almost all from the Ile- de-France region. The increase in bachelor's degrees has not reduced tuition fees. But its success invites certain establishments to relocate the course to medium-sized cities, to reach students who would not otherwise join it.