In addition to the People's Republic of China, there are four other communist countries left in the world: Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam and Laos. These States, which total approximately 1.6 billion inhabitants, maintain the single-party system inherited from Marxism-Leninism.

All except North Korea opened to market economies. One of them did not open to the market economy, according to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) In 2018, 2.7% of the Cuban population lives on less than three dollars a day. After 45 years of communist rule, Laos is one of the poorest countries in Asia.