Biden and Trump ask voters if “they are better off” than 4 years ago: the answer is complicated. The virtual candidates to compete for the presidency in November defend that the United States has been safer and more prosperous under their leadership.

Is it possible to know who is right? The question dates back to the 1980 presidential race, when Ronald Reagan posed it to then-President Jimmy Carter during a televised debate and catapulted himself to the White House. In an AP-NORC poll last month, just 24% of Americans said they were better off now than when Biden took office.