Only Lyon and Paris will ultimately have to set up restrictive low-emission zones. Other metropolises are now considered “vigilance territories” and will only be required to ban unclassified vehicles.

According to Bordeaux Métropole, 11,017 vehicles would be affected, or 2.1% of the metropolitan vehicle fleet. 40,000 people die each year from air pollution in France, according to Public Health France. The ZFE should concern the municipalities located inside the ring road.