The endless reshuffle at the start of the year tested the nerves of the government's shadow advisors. It took an unprecedented period of one month for Emmanuel Macron and Gabriel Attal, between January and February, to appoint a full government.

Without pay, they had to report to France Travail (formerly Pôle Emploi) while awaiting the presidential verdict. “ I lost about a month's salary,” calculates one of those concerned, who finally found a position in the same ministry.