Pact had been negotiated by the Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich, a good friend of the Russian president, Western officials say. The plan, according to the complaint, had been in the works for more than a year and the idea had been approved by all parties “in the spring of last year” In exchange for Vadim Krasikov's handover, Moscow agreed to send Alexei Navalny and two Americans to Berlin.

The Wall Street Journal correspondent Evan Gershkovich and Paul N. Whelan, a former Marine, are in Russian prisons.