The Latin American countries that authorized Sputnik V 0:33
Volginsky, Russia (CNN) -
Decades ago, Soviet scientists investigated biological weapons at a site in Volginsky, about 110 km east of Moscow.
Now that site is being used to mass produce a vaccine aimed at protecting people around the world from the coronavirus.
CNN gained exclusive access to the facility, now home to Generium Pharmaceutical, which has been contracted to increase production of the Russian covid-19 vaccine, Sputnik V.
The vast high-tech complex is one of seven new production centers across the country.
Every step in the production process had to be carefully designed and calibrated, including extensive water filtration systems, to mass produce the new vaccine.
The vaccine vials are packed at the Generium Pharmaceutical plant, which is preparing the production of Sputnik V.
"In principle, the manufacturing process was known on a small laboratory scale, but doing it on a large industrial scale is another universe," Dmitry Poteryaev, Generium's chief scientific officer, told CNN.
“You cannot just go from a liter of bioreactor to 100 liters or 1,000 or 1 ton of bioreactor.
Each process is different, oxygenation is different, the mass balance is different, "he explained.
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He said those problems had been overcome several months ago and the factory was now ready to increase production even further.
"Now, we are producing several million doses every month and we hope to get even more, maybe 10 to 20 million per month," Poteryaev said.
Sputnik V boxes are stored cold before shipment.
In cavernous refrigerators, with temperatures even colder than the frigid Russian winter, Sputnik V vials are packed in boxes, awaiting distribution.
Each vial has its own unique QR code, we are told, so it can be traced to individual patients no matter where in the world they are.
The vaccine has become one of the most reserved in the world, with at least 30 countries, from Argentina to the Philippines, signing contracts for almost 2.5 billion doses so far, according to figures from the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF), responsible for production and worldwide distribution of the vaccine.
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Hesitation at home
But the demand among Russians for Sputnik V so far has proven to be much less enthusiastic.
This is a country with one of the highest numbers of covid-19 infections in the world: more than 4.1 million cases and counting.
But it also has one of the highest vaccine hesitation rates in the world.
A recent opinion poll, published by the independent Levada Center, indicated that only 38% of Russians are willing to get vaccinated.
Earlier this month, one of the key scientists behind the vaccine's development said that around 2.2 million people - less than 2% of the Russian population - had received at least the initial dose of the two-injection regimen.
Millions of doses of Sputnik V are already being produced each month at the Generium Pharmaceutical plant.
Sputnik V was the first COVID-19 vaccine approved for use anywhere in the world last August, even before large-scale human trials were completed.
There was great early skepticism about Sputnik V, which took its name from the first world satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, starting the space race with the United States.
Critics say the "Putin vaccine" was designed to be another first in a global race, to project the power of the Kremlin, no matter how effective or safe it was.
But results from large-scale human trials, published and peer-reviewed in the prestigious medical journal
Lancet
earlier this month, showed an impressive 91.6% efficacy for the vaccine.
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Still, anti-vaccine conspiracy theories are running wild on the internet and are viewed by millions in Russia, according to monitoring groups.
Alexander Arkhipova, a social anthropologist at a state university known as RANEPA, told CNN that many Russians have a cultural tendency to distrust the medical establishment, which is seen as a controlling arm of the government, meddling in people's private lives. .
Another reason for doubt may be that, while President Vladimir Putin said his daughter was vaccinated, she has not yet been vaccinated.
The Kremlin has ignored questions about why, saying Putin has a vaccination scheduled and that when he is finally vaccinated, the nation will be informed.
But in a country where many people look to the Kremlin strongman for their leadership, his abstinence on the Sputnik V front is remarkable and disheartening.
Ice Cream Incentives
All adults with no underlying health problems in Russia are now eligible for a free vaccine.
But progress in Moscow, for example, is painfully slow.
In a city of more than 12 million people, fewer than 600,000 have been vaccinated so far, according to Mayor Sergey Sobyanin.
Therefore, there is pressure to increase the numbers.
The state-funded Gamaleya Institute, where the vaccine was developed, was pleased to invite the CNN team to have the inoculation, so to speak, from the source.
People line up to receive a dose of Sputnik V at a clinic in Moscow's GUM shopping center.
And in Moscow, the epicenter of Russia's coronavirus pandemic, pop-up clinics are being established.
There's one in the upscale GUM mall, a short walk from snowy Red Square, where Muscovites can browse the latest fashions in expensive boutiques, before heading up Sputnik V. They even get free ice cream with every shot: vanilla covered in chocolate.
GUM department store customers enjoy free ice cream after vaccination.
Staff told CNN that they were vaccinating about 200 people each day.
There is capacity for hundreds more.
Another clinic has been set up in a modern food hall, Depo Moscow, to encourage vaccination after a street food lunch or sushi dinner.
For lovers of classical music, there's even one inside Helikon, a prestigious Moscow opera house, where austere tones of recorded tenors roar through the speakers as people wait for their shot.
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Some people are getting the message that the vaccine is their best chance of surviving the pandemic.
Vadim Svistunov, 84, received the vaccine at an opera house.
Vadim Svistunov, 84, and his wife, Nonna, 86, went to the opera house for the initial vaccine and the booster dose three weeks later.
"We don't want to go there yet," Svistunov told CNN, gesturing to the sky.
"We're not in a hurry," he said.
sputnik V