Core of Mars is more liquid than previously thought 2:09
(CNN) -
Here is some background and information on the various exploration missions to Mars.
The United States, the Soviet Union, and China are the only three countries that have landed a spacecraft on the planet.
Data
The United States has managed to land on Mars nine times: Viking 1 and Viking 2 (both in 1976), Pathfinder (1997), Spirit and Opportunity (both in 2004), Phoenix (2008), Curiosity (2012), InSight (2018) and Perseverance (2021).
The other countries that landed a spacecraft on Mars were the Soviet Union, in 1971 and 1973, and China, in 2021.
The United States, the Soviet Union, the European Space Agency, and India have successfully sent spacecraft to enter the orbit of Mars.
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On February 18, NASA's Perseverance rover arrived at Mars.
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This image of the red planet was taken during the vehicle's first ride on March 4, 2021. (Credit: JPL-Caltech / NASA)
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This is what the flight area of NASA's Ingenuity helicopter looks like from the perspective of the Perseverance rover.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / NASA)
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This is the Perseverance rover's view of the delta in Jezero crater from its landing site, which was named "Octavia E. Butler."
The vehicle was able to capture images of the remnant of a fan-shaped sediment deposit with its Mastcam-Z instrument.
According to NASA, scientists believe that this delta is what remained from when an ancient river and a lake converged in the Jezero crater.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / ASU / MSSS)
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Here you can see the surface of Mars.
The image was taken with a camera mounted on the underside of the Perseverance rover.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / NASA)
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This image shows the rover's wheel on the surface of Mars.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / NASA)
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This is the first color image that the Perseverance rover sent on the surface of Mars.
Some rocks scattered around the landing site in Jezero crater can be seen.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / NASA)
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This color-calibrated photo was taken on March 5, 2021, with a navigation camera aboard the Perseverance rover.
The tracks of the first trip of the vehicle are observed in the lower left part of the image.
The area of lighter color in the center of the photo corresponds to the place where the mission rockets passed in the descent stage.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / NASA)
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This photo from the Mastcam-Z instrument, aboard Perseverance, shows the first scan target for the rover's SuperCam tool.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / ASU / MSSS)
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This was the first photo that the public selected as the image of the week, for the initial days of the Perseverance rover on Mars.
It corresponds to the week of February 14 to 20, 2020. The vehicle took this shot of the area in front of it, with one of its six Hazard Avoidance cameras (HazCams), whose objective is to detect dangers in the front and rear tracks of the rover, according to what NASA explains.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech)
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The audience chose this image as the best for the second week of the Perseverance rover on Mars (February 21-27, 2021).
The spacecraft took this photo with one of its two Mastcam-Z cameras, which are located atop the rover's mast.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / ASU)
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This was the photo that the public selected as the "Image of the Week" for the period between February 28 and March 6 of NASA's Perseverance mission.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / NASA)
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The public chose this image as the best of the fourth week, March 7-13, 2021, of the Perseverance rover mission on Mars.
The photo was taken with the vehicle's integrated right-hand navigation camera, which is located high on the mast.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / NASA)
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This perspective of the Valles Marineris hemisphere of Mars, taken on July 9, 2013, is actually a mosaic comprising 102 images from the Viking Orbiter.
In the center is the Valles Marineris canyon system, more than 2,000 kilometers long and up to 8 kilometers deep.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / NASA)
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This self-portrait of the Curiosity Mars rover, taken in 2016, shows the rover at the Quela drill site in the Murray Buttes area at the bottom of Mount Sharp.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / MSSS / NASA)
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This photo of a preserved river channel on Mars was captured by an orbiting satellite.
It has overlapping colors to show different elevations.
Blue is low and yellow is high.
(Credit: NASA)
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The European Space Agency's Mars Express mission captured this image of the Korolev crater, more than 80 kilometers wide, in 2018.
It is filled with icy water, near the north pole.
(Credit: ESA / DLR / FU Berlin
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The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft used its HiRISE camera to obtain this image of an area with unusual texture on the southern floor of Gale Crater.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / Univ. Of Arizona)
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Cold lava helped preserve the imprint of dune movement that once occurred in a southeastern region of Mars.
But it also looks like the "Star Trek" symbol.
(Credit: NASA)
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| Although Mars is not geologically active like Earth, the surface features have been largely shaped by the wind. Precisely, those that have been carved by the wind like the ones in the image, called yardangs, are common on the red planet. On the sand, the wind forms waves and small dunes. In the thin atmosphere of Mars, the light is not scattered much, so the shadows cast by the yardangs are sharp and dark. (Credit: JPL-Caltech / University of Arizona / NASA)
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These small hematite-rich solidifications are near the Fram crater, visited by NASA's Opportunity rover in April 2004. The area shown is 3 centimeters wide.
The photo comes from the microscopic imager on Opportunity's robotic arm, with color information added from the rover's panoramic camera.
These minerals suggest that Mars had a watery past.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / Cornell / USGS / NASA)
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This image shows the seasonal flows in Valles Marineris on Mars, called Recurrent Sloping Lines, or RSLs.
These landslides on Mars appear on the slopes during spring and summer.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / Univ. Of Arizona)
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| Mars is known to have sandstorms surrounding the planet. These images taken by NASA's Mars Global Surveyor orbiter in 2001 show a drastic change in the planet's appearance as haze generated by sandstorm activity in the south was distributed globally. (Credit: JPL-Caltech / MSSS / NASA)
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This composite image, whose horizon is the highest regions of Mount Sharp, was taken in September 2015 by NASA's Curiosity rover.
In the foreground is a long ridge filled with hematite.
A little further on is an undulating plain rich in clay minerals.
And a little further down is a multitude of rounded hills, all rich in sulfate minerals.
The changing mineralogy in these layers suggests an environment that changed early on Mars, although they all involve exposure to water billions of years ago.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / MSSS / NA
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InSight's seismometer first recorded a "martemoto" in April 2019. (Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech)
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From its position atop a ridge, Opportunity recorded this image in 2016 of a dust whirlpool on Mars sweeping through the valley.
The photo also captures the rover tracks leading up the northern slope of Knudsen Ridge, which is part of the southern edge of the Marathon Valley.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / NASA)
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HiRISE captured layered deposits and a bright ice cap at the north pole of Mars.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / Univ. Of Arizona / NASA)
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Nili Patera is a region on Mars where dunes and waves move rapidly.
HiRISE, aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, continues to monitor this area every two months for changes on seasonal and annual timescales.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / Univ. Of Arizona / NASA)
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NASA's Curiosity rover captured its highest resolution panorama of the Martian surface in late 2019. This includes more than 1,000 images and 1.8 billion pixels.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS)
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This image, which combines data from two instruments aboard NASA's Mars Global Surveyor, shows an orbital view of the north polar region of Mars.
The ice-rich polar cap is nearly 1,000 kilometers wide and the dark bands are deep valleys.
To the right of the center, a large canyon, Chasma Boreale, almost divides the ice sheet.
Chasma Boreale is about the length of the famous Grand Canyon of the United States and up to almost 2 kilometers deep.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / MSSS / NASA)
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A recent and drastic impact crater dominates this image taken by the HiRISE camera in November 2013. The crater spans approximately 30.5 meters and is surrounded by a large lightning blast zone.
Because the terrain where the crater formed is dusty, the recent crater appears blue in the enhanced color of the image, due to the removal of reddish dust in that area.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / Univ. Of Arizona / NASA)
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This dark mound, called Ireson Hill, is located in the Murray formation at the bottom of Mount Sharp, near a location where NASA's Curiosity rover examined a linear sand dune in February 2017. (Credit: NASA / JPL -Caltech / MSSS
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Are cookies and cream on Mars?
No, they are just polar dunes dusted with ice and sand.
(Credit: CaSSIS / ESA / Roscosmos)
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The cloud in the center of this image is actually a tower of dust that occurred in 2010 and was captured by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
Blue and white clouds are water vapor.
(Credit: MSSS / JPL-Caltech / NASA)
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HiRISE took this image of a kilometer-long crater in the southern hemisphere of Mars in June 2014. The crater shows frost on all its south-facing slopes in late winter, as Mars heads into spring.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / University of Arizona / NASA)
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The two largest earthquakes detected by NASA's InSight appear to have originated in a region of Mars called Cerberus Fossae.
Scientists had previously detected signs of tectonic activity here, including landslides.
This image was taken by the HiRISE camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaisance Orbiter.
(Credit: JPL-Caltech / University of Arizona / NASA)
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This image is the first photograph ever taken from the surface of Mars.
It was captured on July 20, 1976 by the Viking 1 lander, shortly after it landed on the planet.
(Credit: NASA)
The seismic movements of Mars reveal the mysterious interior of the red planet
Chronology
1965 -
Mariner 4 passes about 9,650 kilometers from Mars and takes the first close-up photos of the planet's surface.
1969 -
Mariners 6 and 7 pass within 4,000 kilometers of the planet and transmit information about the planet's surface and atmosphere.
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The United States, the Soviet Union, and China are the only three countries that have landed a spacecraft on Mars.
November 3, 1971 -
Launch of Mariner 9. It reaches orbit on November 24, becoming the first American spacecraft to orbit a planet other than Earth.
December 2, 1971 -
The USSR's Mars 3 lander makes the first successful landing on the planet's surface.
Transmits data for 20 seconds before failing.
July and August 1973 -
The USSR successfully launches the Mars 4, 5, 6 and 7 probes. Each spacecraft takes about seven months to reach the orbit of the planet.
Only Mars 6 lands.
1975
- Viking 1 and Viking 2 ships are launched.
July 20, 1976 -
The Viking 1 lander reaches the surface of Mars.
September 3, 1976 -
The Viking 2 lander reaches Mars.
September 25, 1992 - The
United States launches the Mars Observer.
Contact is permanently lost in August 1993.
November 1996 -
The Mars Global Surveyor is launched.
It reaches Mars in September 1997 and begins its orbit.
The last time he is known is on November 2, 2006.
The lakes of Mars could be made of clay and not water 0:41
July 4, 1997 -
The Mars Pathfinder, after six months of travel, lands on Mars.
For four months the Sojourner rover explores the planet's surface and returns photos to Earth.
December 11, 1998 -
The Mars Climate orbiter is launched, but is lost upon arrival in September 1999.
January 3, 1999 -
The Mars Polar lander is launched.
On December 3, he was unable to establish contact with ground control.
NASA believes the lander was destroyed on impact with Mars.
April 7, 2001 -
The Mars Odyssey orbiter is launched, arriving at Mars on October 24.
June 2, 2003 -
The European Space Agency launches the Mars Express orbiter and the Beagle 2 lander. Beagle 2 was scheduled to land on Mars on December 25, 2003, but never makes contact.
Mars Express is successfully guided into an orbit around the Red Planet, where it will study Mars for two years.
June 10, 2003 -
The rover nicknamed Spirit is launched.
This is what the terrain of Mars looks like in full color 0:33
July 7, 2003 -
The rover called Opportunity is launched from Cape Canaveral.
Both Spirit and Opportunity are part of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover mission.
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Mars may be known as the red planet, but a European spacecraft found oxygen that is causing a green glow in the planet's atmosphere.
That's what the findings of the European Space Agency's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter show.
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Opportunity took 354 photos between May 13 and June 10, 2018 that would show one last, beautiful panorama of the place it will always call home.
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From an elevated location, Opportunity recorded this image of a Martian dust swirl across the valley.
As on Earth, a whirlpool is created by a rotating, rising column of hot air.
When the column spins fast enough, it collects small grains of dust from the ground, making it visible.
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Opportunity photographed its tracks on the soft sand between Endurance and Victoria craters
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On Mars, Spirit took many images of fine-looking volcanic rocks.
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Small spheres on a sandy surface found in this 3-centimeter-scale view.
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A NASA photo shows Opportunity's path since it landed on Mars in 2004.
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This map shows Opportunity's path south from the end of December 2014 until it exceeded the marathon distance on March 24, 2015. It took 9,968 Martian days.
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This is what Opportunity Explorer looks like (computer viewing).
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Explorer Spirit.
This one and the Opportunity feature a metal piece with the American flag on the side.
They are made of aluminum recovered from the towers of the World Trade Center in New York.
January 3, 2004 -
At approximately 11:35 pm ET, Spirit lands on Mars and immediately begins sending images of the surface.
This is why Mars has a shorter winter at its south pole.
January 15, 2004 -
The Spirit rover exits its lander and begins the next phase of its mission to study rocks and soil on the Martian surface for signs of water.
January 24-25, 2004 -
The Opportunity rover lands on Mars.
(Sources do not match on date. NASA uses both Universal / ET and PT, which changes the date from 9:05 PM on January 24 to 12:05 PM on January 25).
February 2, 2004 -
For the first time, both Spirit and Opportunity are fully operational.
The rovers, 6,600 miles away (10,620 km), collect soil samples and take pictures of the Martian surface.
Both explorers find evidence of ancient Martian environments that were intermittently humid and habitable.
7 things NASA is doing on Mars 0:45
August 12, 2005 -
The Mars Reconnaissance orbiter is launched.
It will explore the planet for more signs of water.
March 10, 2006 -
The Reconnaissance Orbiter reaches Mars and establishes its orbit.
It carries the most powerful camera to ever come out of Earth, called HiRise.
The camera takes its first four images on March 23, as the orbiter circles Mars at a distance of between 600 and 2,500 miles (900 to 4,000 kilometers).
This initial phase of exploration lasts two weeks.
January 24, 2007 -
On the third anniversary of its landing, Opportunity continues its mission to explore the Martian terrain, 33 months longer than originally planned.
August 4, 2007 -
NASA's Phoenix Mars lander probe successfully launched.
His rocket takes off at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida and takes about 10 months to reach Mars.
Phoenix, part of NASA's Scout program for smaller, lower-cost spacecraft, is designed to analyze soil samples and scan the Martian atmosphere after landing near its north pole.
May 25, 2008 -
The Mars Phoenix lander completes a 296-day, 422-million-mile journey, landing near the planet's north pole.
NASA reveals data on the depths of Mars 0:44
November 2008 -
The Mars Phoenix lander ceases its communications after completing its mission.
Although it was expected to last 90 Martian solar days, the lander conducted scientific investigations for 149 days of the 152 solar days that its mission lasted.
March 22, 2010 -
The last communication from Spirit is heard.
The project continues to monitor to see if there are more communications.
Opportunity is still in business.
Works of art on another planet?
NASA released shocking images of Mars
September 10, 2010 -
Scientists release data from the Mars Phoenix lander suggesting that water has been eroding the surface of Mars throughout history.
The data also suggests that Mars' carbon dioxide atmosphere has been replenished by geologically recent volcanic eruptions, providing evidence of what could be ongoing activity.
April 6, 2011 -
The rover nicknamed Curiosity is introduced.
It is much larger than the Spirit and Opportunity, weighs approximately 900 kilograms and is the size of a Mini Cooper car.
May 25, 2011 -
NASA scientists end attempts to regain contact with Spirit.
November 26, 2011 -
The Curiosity rover launches from Cape Canaveral at 10:02 am ET, aboard an Atlas V rocket bound for Mars.
The trip is scheduled to last approximately 8.5 months.
Life on Mars?
Rover Perseverance begins the search 0:38
August 6, 2012 -
Curiosity successfully lands on Mars at 1:32 am ET.
September 26, 2013 -
The journal
Science
publishes five articles pertaining to Mars, revealing raw data indicating that the Martian surface contains about two percent water by weight.
September 21, 2014 -
NASA's Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN) spacecraft reaches orbit around Mars after traveling 442 million miles over the course of 10 months to get there.
It is the first mission dedicated to studying the Martian upper atmosphere as a key to understanding the history of the climate, water and habitability of Mars.
September 24, 2014 -
India's Mars Orbiter mission successfully enters the orbit of Mars, becoming the first nation to arrive on its first attempt, and the first Asian country to reach the Red Planet.
January 16, 2015 -
NASA announces that Beagle 2, missing for 11 years, has been spotted on Mars.
Apparently the lander's solar panels did not fully open upon landing, making communication difficult.
This image shows the Séítah geological unit on Mars from the 10-meter height of the Ingenuity helicopter during its sixth flight, on May 22, 2021.
March 2015 -
India's Mars Orbiter completes its 160-day mission.
Continue to operate.
28 de septiembre de 2015 - Científicos de la NASA afirman que el agua potencialmente vital aún fluye por la superficie de Marte de vez en cuando, un descubrimiento que puede significar un avance tanto en la búsqueda de vida más allá de la Tierra como en las esperanzas humanas de viajar allí algún día.
14 de marzo de 2016 - La Agencia Espacial Europea lanza un módulo con destino a Marte con su orbitador de gases Traza ExoMars. El módulo, llamado Schiaparelli, tiene previsto entrar en la órbita de Marte y aterrizar el 19 de octubre, pero se estrella al aterrizar. La nave fue creada para detectar gases atmosféricos que podrían significar que hay vida biológica activa en Marte.
- El "nuevo" Marte, ¿por qué la NASA ahora pone su foco en Venus?
29 de septiembre de 2017 - Durante una presentación en el Congreso Internacional de Astronáutica en Australia, Elon Musk dice que su compañía de cohetes, SpaceX, tiene como objetivo aterrizar al menos dos naves de carga en el Planeta Rojo en 2022 con el fin de colocar allí sistemas de energía, minería y soporte vital para futuros vuelos. Las naves que lleven tripulación llegarían en 2024, añadió.
5 de mayo de 2018 - La NASA lanza InSight, el primer explorador robótico del espacio exterior que estudiará el interior de Marte durante una misión de dos años. InSight —abreviatura de Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport— aterrizaría justo al norte del ecuador marciano el 26 de noviembre, uniéndose a otras cinco naves espaciales de la NASA que operan en y sobre Marte.
El helicóptero Ingenuity cumplió su vuelo más difícil en Marte.
7 de junio de 2018 - La NASA anuncia que se ha encontrado materia orgánica en Marte en muestras de suelo tomadas en la piedra de barro de 3.000 millones de años de antigüedad en el cráter Gale por el rover Curiosity. El rover también ha detectado metano en la atmósfera marciana.
10 de junio de 2018 - Se escucha la última comunicación de Opportunity en el Valle de la Perseverancia.
25 de julio de 2018 - Investigadores de la Agencia Espacial Italiana publican un estudio que indica que se ha detectado un lago de agua líquida bajo los casquetes polares del sur de Marte utilizando el instrumento MARSIS (Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding, en inglés) de la Agencia Espacial Europea.
26 de noviembre de 2018 - InSight aterriza en Marte y comienza a enviar señales a la NASA minutos después, incluyendo una foto de la superficie donde aterrizó.
13 de febrero de 2019 - La NASA declara terminada la misión del Opportunity y dice que ya no pueden contactar con el rover.
La sonda Tianwen-1 aterrizó en Marte el 14 de mayo de 2021, la primera vez para China
6 de marzo de 2020 - El rover Curiosity de la NASA completa una escalada récord al rodar por su colina más empinada hasta la fecha. Se llama Pedimento Greenheugh y la desafiante colina creó una inclinación de 31 grados para el rover.
30 de julio de 2020 - La NASA envía al espacio el rover Perseverance y su helicóptero Ingenuity.
18 de febrero de 2021 - Perseverance aterriza con éxito en el cráter Jezero de Marte e inmediatamente comienza a tomar fotografías. El rover explorará el cráter, el lugar de un antiguo lago que existió hace 3.900 millones de años, y buscará microfósiles en las rocas y el suelo del lugar. Las misiones de seguimiento devolverán a la Tierra muestras de este lugar recogidas por el Perseverance en la década de 2030.
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This was the first photo that the public selected as the image of the week, for the initial days of the Perseverance rover on Mars.
It corresponds to the week of February 14 to 20, 2020. The vehicle took this shot of the area in front of it, with one of its six Hazard Avoidance cameras (HazCams), whose objective is to detect dangers in the front and rear tracks of the rover, according to what NASA explains.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech)
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The audience chose this image as the best for the second week of the Perseverance rover on Mars (February 21-27, 2021).
The spacecraft took this photo with one of its two Mastcam-Z cameras, which are located atop the rover's mast.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / ASU)
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This is the first high-resolution color image sent by the HazCams, located on the underside of the Perseverance rover, after its landing on Mars on February 18, 2021, according to NASA.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech)
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NASA's Perseverance rover captured its first high-definition look around what will be its new home in Jezero Crater on February 21, 2021. The agency explained that to achieve this, it rotated its mast, or "head," 360 degrees. , which allowed the rover's Mastcam-Z cameras to capture their first panorama after reaching Mars.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS / ASU)
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The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE), which is aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, captured the descent stage of the Perseverance rover through the atmosphere of Mars.
Behind him you can see the parachute.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / University of Arizona)
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This high-resolution image is from video taken by multiple cameras as NASA's Perseverance rover arrived at Mars on February 18, 2021. The space agency explained that a camera aboard the descent stage captured this shot.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech)
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Here is another photo of the Mastcam-Z cameras aboard the Perseverance rover.
It is about the rim of the Jezero crater in a 360-degree panorama, according to NASA.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS / ASU)
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This is the first image from NASA's Perseverance rover on the surface of Mars.
It was taken by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE).
To the left is the parachute and the rear shell, to the side and almost to the center is the descent stage.
In the center down is the rover and to the right the heat frame.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / University of Arizona)
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NASA's Perseverance rover took this image on March 1, 2021 with its Left Navigation Camera, located atop the rover's mast and helping it steer, NASA explained.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech)
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This is another image from the Perseverance rover Left Navigation Camera, which corresponds to February 28, 2021. (Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech)
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Using one of its six HazCams cameras, the Perseverance rover took this photo of the area behind it on February 28, 2021. (Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech)
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Also taken with one of his HazCams, the Perseverant captured this photo on February 28, 2021 of the area behind him.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech)
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During its arrival on Mars, the Perseverance rover took this image with a descent stage camera that looks at the rover and what is below it, as NASA notes.
(Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech)
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The Perseverance rover made this shot of the area on its back with one of its HazCams on February 28, 2021. (Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech)
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With its Mastcam-Z cameras, the Perseverance captured this image on February 22, 2021. (Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / ASU)
April 19, 2021 -
The Ingenuity helicopter successfully completes the first powered and controlled flight on another planet.
14 de mayo de 2021 - China aterriza con éxito su rover, Zhurong, en Marte, según los medios estatales, convirtiéndose en el segundo país en tener un rover en el planeta. Fue transportado por la sonda Tianwen-1.
25 de julio de 2021 - Durante el décimo vuelo de Ingenuity, el helicóptero completa su primera milla y alcanza un nuevo récord de altura.
Marte