This article is taken from the
Figaro Hors-Série "Baudelaire, le spleen de la modernité"
, find all the articles on the most classic of modern poets, his life as a tormented dandy, his aesthetics, his work, from Fleurs du Mal to Artificial paradises.
Le Figaro Hors-Série "Baudelaire, the spleen of modernity" Le Figaro
Dive to the bottom of the abyss, Hell or Heaven, what does it matter? »
Proclaims the virulent poet, the apache, the dandy. Perceived as both heir and gravedigger of the romantics, Baudelaire was rarely associated with the moralists of the 17th century, who were all keen to unmask illusions and deceptive virtues with detachment. The author of
La Destruction
ou des
Litanies de Satan
hardly seems at first sight to be dependent on the authors of the Grand Siècle, often confused with the caricature of “
classical times
” where rhetorical clarity, order and tightness between heart and reason reign. Baudelaire, on the contrary, participated in the tendency to reject the edifying use of literature, submission to the bourgeois moral order and the instrumentalization of art.
Other dissonances emerge: the honest man of the seventeenth century seeks to make people forget his distinction in favor of respect for others, while the insensitive dandy according to Baudelaire immediately manifests his
"exclusive love of domination".
To read also Michel De Jaeghere: "Baudelaire, the alchemist of the pain"
The Baudelairean obsession with failure nevertheless resonates with certain sentences of French moralists. Same vision of adversity: human inaptitude for happiness, rout of justice, harmful power of boredom, falsity of virtues and breaches of the spirit. Following Montaigne, the main moralists of the Grand Siècle are Pascal, La Rochefoucauld and La Bruyère. The list can extend to La Fontaine, Fénelon, even Molière, but also, of unequal importance, to the oratorian Jean-François Senault, to Pierre Nicole, to Madeleine de Scudéry, to the Marquise de Sablé, to the countess. from La Fayette, to the Abbé d'Ailly, to the Jesuit Dominique Bouhours… Educated by ancient authors, by theology and moral literature (Castiglione, Gracián), they cannot be reduced to professors of ethics.As a
“Civilization of manners”
(Norbert Elias, 1939), they make up the portrait of the human heart.
Nineteenth-century critics revere this current. After the first edition conforming to the originals of
Pensées
de Blaise Pascal, published only in 1844, Baudelaire could not miss the
Port-Royal,
which Sainte-Beuve, whom he admired, published from 1840 to 1859. During the trial of the
Fleurs du badly,
August 20, 1857, Me Gustave Chaix d'Est-Ange, his lawyer, will invoke before the court of the Seine the moralistic filiation of Baudelaire. The pleading was deemed weak, but it rightly associated the poet with Christian preachers, Dante evoking Hell, and Molière mocking Tartuffe's hypocrisy. For the lawyer, Baudelaire
"is indignant because
Our sins are stubborn, our repentances are cowardly,
and it is truly the lofty language of a moralist that he uses, in this first page where he enters into communication with the reader in order to stigmatize so harshly
The stupidity, the error, the sin, the skimp
… ”.
Formal ideal and concern for style
From the 17th century moralists, Baudelaire adopted the formal ideal and the concern for style. He strives to infuse his verb with a literary heroism which he transcribes through
"intensity without ostentation"
and
"concentration".
He thus develops his prose with a view to transforming it into a "
maxim
", perceived as moral meditation, brief and concentrated,
"suitable for
painting
"
he says. By using a language
"little loaded with ornaments",
his writing remains faithful according to him to the conciseness of Sénèque, La Rochefoucauld, Pascal and La Bruyère. These last resort to the brief form: thoughts, maxims, characters and reflections, shared within aristocratic and worldly circles. Baudelaire himself refers
"to men of the world, to soldiers, to adventurers, or even to simple courtiers"
who write,
"sometimes to the devil, very beautiful books that we, people of the trade, we we are forced to admire ”(The Work and the Life of Eugène Delacroix).
Known for his
Maxims,
La Rochefoucauld was a conspiratorial and reckless aristocrat, a man of war and of the world.
Shipwrecked from the Fronde, in which his mistress the Duchess of Longueville had drawn him, he had perfected this art of paradox which is the maxim
This article is for subscribers only.
You have 66% left to discover.
To cultivate your freedom is to cultivate your curiosity.
Continue reading your article for € 1 the first month
I ENJOY IT
Already subscribed?
Log in