The collapse of the French left seems to mark the death of social democracy in Europe.
The liberal and reformist left, which intends to reconcile socialism and capitalism, the market and solidarity, was triumphant at the beginning of the century, placed under the sign of the third way, which brought together Tony Blair, Bill Clinton and Gerhard Schröder.
Today it seems obsolete, swept away by globalization and the digital revolution, destabilized by the crisis of the middle classes and the decline of the trade unions, powerless in the face of the shocks of history and disarmed in the face of populism.
Its crisis would be structural, both ideological in the face of the rise of security concerns and the radicalization of the cultural war;
sociological, via the break with the working classes;
electoral,
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