Will oil reserves run out sooner than expected?
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(CNN Spanish) --
After Gazprom, Russia's state gas company, stopped gas supplies to Poland and Bulgaria on Wednesday in response to both countries refusing to pay in rubles, the world's attention turns again in Russian fuel exports in the context of its invasion of Ukraine
In late March, Russia—heavily sanctioned by the international community for its invasion of Ukraine—announced that "unfriendly" foreign nations would have to pay for gas in rubles from April 1, or risk the service was suspended.
Since then, gas shipments to the European Union, which is the largest buyer, have largely continued until now.
This raises the question of how much the world depends on Russian fuel.
In early March, US President Joe Biden announced a ban on imports of oil, natural gas and coal from Russia by the United States in response to the invasion of Ukraine.
Top 5 buyers of Russian oil 0:57
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The measure taken by the United States was supported by the United Kingdom —which will put the measure into effect by the end of 2022—, while the countries of the European Union (EU), much more dependent on Russian hydrocarbons, plan to reduce demand of natural gas by two-thirds this year as they prepare for a complete break with their largest supplier.
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"We must become independent from Russian oil, coal and gas," European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said in a statement.
"We simply cannot trust a vendor that explicitly threatens us."
According to plans outlined by European officials, the bloc seeks to achieve energy independence from Moscow "well before 2030."
Which, then, are the countries that are most dependent on oil, natural gas and coal produced by Russia?
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Major oil producers in the world
As of 2020, Russia was the world's third largest producer of crude oil after the United States and Saudi Arabia.
It then produced an annual average of 9.9 million barrels per day, according to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). By 2021, it became second, producing 9.7 million barrels. , as seen in the following graph.
How much oil does Russia export and who receives it?
Russia exports almost half of the total oil it produces: 5 million barrels a day were shipped abroad in 2020, according to the EIA.
Europe is Russia's main market for its oil and natural gas exports and thus its main source of income.
In 2020, Russia exported 48% of its crude to European countries, particularly Germany (11%), the Netherlands (11%) and Poland (7%).
Other major recipients of Russian oil are Finland (4%), Slovakia (2%), Italy (2%), Lithuania (2%) and Hungary (2%).
While 42% was sent to Asia and Oceania and 31% to China.
In the same region, South Korea received 6% of Russia's oil exports, and Japan 2%.
Other countries in Europe and Eurasia received 9%, standing out among these Belarus (6%).
And about 1% of Russia's total crude oil exports in 2020 went to the United States.
Who would replace Russia in the supply of oil?
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How much fuel does the EU import from Russia?
At the same time, a significant part of the EU's oil and gas imports in 2021 came from Russia: 27% of the 27-country bloc's oil imports.
Russia also supplies 46% of the EU's coal imports.
Add that trade together, and it's worth tens of billions of dollars a year to Russia, presumably helping to finance President Vladimir Putin's war effort.
Europe is also the destination for 72% of Russia's gas exports.
Germany (16%), Italy (12%) and France (8%) lead consumption, followed by Turkey (6%), the Netherlands (5%), Austria (5%), Poland (4%), the United Kingdom (4%) and Hungary (4%).
Asia and Oceania receive 11% of exports, and China (5%) and Japan (4%) stand out there.
While the rest of Europe and Eurasia take over 17% of Russian gas exports, with Belarus (8%) and Kazakhstan (5%) standing out.
Where could the gas that Russia stops selling to Europe go?
How much coal does Russia export and where does it go?
In 2019, Russia produced 482 million tons of coal and is the sixth largest producer in the world, behind China, India, the United States and Indonesia, according to the EIA.
Its reserves, estimated at 179,000 million tons, are the second largest on the planet, after the United States.
Russia mainly exports this fuel to Asia and Oceania (54% of the total).
Among the main buyers are China (17%), South Korea (12%) and Japan (10%).
Europe receives 31% of Russian coal exports, with Turkey (7%), Germany (7%), the Netherlands (5%) and Ukraine (5%) standing out among the buyers, now at war with Russia.
How much oil does the United States import from Russia?
About 8% of US hydrocarbon imports came from Russia in 2021, of which only about 3% was crude oil.
That year, the US bought about 245.2 million barrels of crude oil and oil products from him, its highest level since 1995, when these operations began to be recorded.
The Department of Energy reported that Russian oil imports fell to zero in the last two weeks of February as US companies cut ties with Russia, effectively implementing their own ban.
Why would banning Russian oil be counterproductive?
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With reporting from CNN's Mark Thompson, Kaitlan Collins, Jeremy Diamond, Kevin Liptak, Phil Mattingly, MJ Lee and Kate Sullivan
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