Synthetic fertilizers called NPK - made from nitrogen, phosphorus or potash - have never been so expensive: international prices have tripled between the beginning of 2021 and mid-2022.
In unison with the UN, industrialists and fertilizer market analysts are warning: due to a lack of basic fertilizers, of which Russia is a major supplier, food prices could explode next year, as well as hunger in the world.
“The difficulty of my job is to predict where they are going to be in the next 18 months,” admitted Joel Jackson, managing director and fertilizer market analyst at BMO Capital Markets, in July at an analyst conference in the United States. United.
In Europe, NPK fertilizers are at a “historic” level, as they are indexed to gas prices – which constitute 90% of the production costs of nitrogen fertilizers such as ammonia and urea.
However, natural gas continues to soar as Russia at war with Ukraine closes the gas supply tap to the old continent.
Ammonia touched
To maintain their profitability, several European fertilizer manufacturers are ceasing their production of ammonia, obtained by combining nitrogen from the air and hydrogen from natural gas.
What had not happened since the financial crisis of 2008.
At nearly 300 euros per MWh of gas today, "against 20 euros on average over the past 10 years", "we have a big problem: it no longer works for all those who manufacture ammonia, because the gas is 10 to 15 times more expensive than before, ”explains Nicolas Broutin, head of the French subsidiary of the Norwegian producer Yara, European number one in nitrogen fertilizers, to AFP.
Yara shut down its factory in Ferrara, Italy for the second time this year in July.
In the spring, that of Le Havre in France had ceased production for three weeks.
Since January, Yara has produced 15% less ammonia in Europe than last year, according to Deutsche Bank.
This week, while gas prices have jumped again, the first Polish producer Azoty announced that it was suspending 90% of its ammonia production, and the first Lithuanian producer Achema also announced the shutdown of its plant on the 1st september.
"The risk of shortage if all of Europe stops is real, there may be a resource problem because we manufacture fertilizers in winter in anticipation of spring 2023", adds Mr. Broutin.
Russian fertilizers and agricultural products exempted from sanctions
Farmers also risk running out of potash because of sanctions against Russia, one of the main producers, and sanctions against Belarus, "responsible for one-sixth of the world's potash production", recalls Joël Jackson.
Before the war, Russia was the world's largest exporter of NPK fertilizers.
The UN boss recalled that Russian fertilizers and agricultural products were exempt from sanctions and should be able to freely access world markets "unhindered", at the risk of a global food crisis in 2023.
Brazil, an agricultural power of which Russia is the leading supplier of fertilizers, “has already become aware of its dependence which will weigh on the 2023 agricultural campaign”, underline the experts of the world guide Cyclope of raw materials.
Mainly European disturbances
Manufacturers fear an "artificial destruction of demand" says Mr. Jackson: farmers risk rationing or skipping certain fertilizers that have become unaffordable.
"It can already be seen everywhere in Europe" adds Nicolas Broutin.
“It is in 2023-2024 that the increase in fertilizer prices will be felt and possibly their lower use,” adds the Cyclope, which expects “significantly reduced” agricultural production in Africa.
In the globalized world of fertilisers, these disturbances, for the moment essentially European, suit some people.
To do without Russian gas, European producers have been importing ammonia from North America or Australia since the end of 2021, according to Nicolas Broutin.
Some see it as an advantage for organic fertilizers (manure etc.) or those produced from “green” hydrogen.