Hispanic youth among the population vulnerable to HIV infection 2:06
(CNN) --
Take a look here at the origins, treatments and global response to HIV and AIDS in recent years.
World AIDS Day is commemorated every December 1st.
A little over 40 years ago, the first cases of AIDS were reported in the United States.
What is HIV/AIDS and how is it transmitted?
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus.
AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
HIV/AIDS can be transmitted through unprotected sexual contact with an infected person.
Also by sharing needles with an infected person, through blood transfusions from people who have the virus or through a mother who is infected and transmits the disease to her baby.
What are the stages of HIV/AIDS infection?
People infected with HIV go through three stages of infection:
- Acute infection or acute retroviral syndrome: It can produce flu-like symptoms in the first month after infection.
advertising
- Clinical latency or asymptomatic HIV infection: this is when HIV reproduces at lower levels.
- AIDS: It is when the number of CD4 cells falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (as opposed to the normal level of 500-1,500).
Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 can cause AIDS.
HIV-1 is the most common human immunodeficiency virus;
HIV-2 is found mainly in West Africa.
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) involves taking a cocktail of anti-HIV drugs that are used to treat the virus.
In 1987, azidothymidine (AZT) became the first drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in treating HIV/AIDS.
What are the challenges of HIV/AIDS in Latin America?
1:35
Updated statistics of HIV/AIDS in the world
According to UNAIDS, by 2020 there were:
37.7 million - Number of people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide in 2020.
6 million - Approximate number of people living with HIV worldwide who do not know their HIV status in 2020.
150,000 - Newly infected children worldwide in 2020.
1.5 million - New infections worldwide in 2020.
680,000 - Approximate number of AIDS-related deaths worldwide in 2020.
Of the 4,500 new infections each day in 2019, 59% are in sub-Saharan Africa.
Some 36.3 million AIDS-related deaths since the pandemic began.
Sub-Saharan Africa is made up of the following countries: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, the Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Ivory Coast, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles , Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, South Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Timeline of the discovery and development of HIV/AIDS
1981 —
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publishes the first reports of previously healthy men in Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco suffering from rare forms of cancer and pneumonia, accompanied by of "opportunistic infections".
1982 —
For the first time, the CDC refers to the disease as AIDS.
1983 —
French and American researchers determine that AIDS is caused by HIV.
1985 —
Blood tests to detect HIV are developed.
December 1, 1988 —
First World AIDS Day.
1999 —
Researchers in the United States find evidence that HIV-1 likely originated in a population of chimpanzees in West Africa.
The virus appears to have been transmitted to people who hunted and ate chimpanzees for food.
January 29, 2003 —
In his State of the Union address, US President George W. Bush vows to dramatically increase funding to combat HIV/AIDS in Africa.
May 27, 2003 —
Bush signs Bill 1298, the US Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003, also known as PEPFAR (US President's Emergency Plan). for AIDS relief).
With it, it provides US$15 billion over the next five years to fight HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria abroad, especially in Africa.
July 30, 2008 —
Initiative 5501, or the United States HIV/AIDS, TB, and Malaria Global Leadership Reauthorization Bill of 2008, becomes law, authorizing up to $48 billion to combat the HIV/AIDS around the world.
Also against tuberculosis and malaria.
Through 2013, PEPFAR plans to work in partnership with host countries to support the treatment of at least four million people, the prevention of 12 million new infections, and the care of 12 million people.
October 2011 —
In his book
The Origins of AIDS
, Dr. Jacques Pepin traces the onset and subsequent development of HIV/AIDS to suggest that the initial outbreaks of AIDS began earlier than previously thought.
July 24, 2012 —
Doctors announce at the 19th International AIDS Conference that Timothy Ray Brown, known as the "Berlin patient," has been clinically "cured" of HIV.
Brown, diagnosed with leukemia, underwent a bone marrow transplant in 2007 using marrow from a donor with an HIV-resistant mutation.
Since then he no longer has detectable HIV.
March 3, 2013 —
Researchers announce that a baby born infected with HIV has been "functionally cured."
The girl, born in Mississippi, received high doses of antiretroviral drugs within 30 hours of her birth.
A year later, the girl had detectable levels of the virus in her blood, 27 months after she was taken off her antiretroviral drugs, according to the scientists involved in her case.
June 18, 2013 —
On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of PEPFAR, US Secretary of State John Kerry announces that the millionth child has been born without HIV due to programs to prevent mother-to-child transmission ( PMTCT).
March 14, 2014 —
CDC reports one case of probable female-to-female transmission of HIV.
Unlike previous announcements of other cases involving woman-to-woman transmission, this case excludes additional risk factors for HIV transmission.
July 24, 2017 —
A 9-year-old boy from South Africa is reported to have been in remission for more than eight years without treatment, according to Dr. Avy Violari, speaking at the 9th International AIDS Society Conference on Science of HIV, in Paris.
November 2018 —
According to PEPFAR's website, they have "supported antiretroviral treatment (ART) that has saved the lives of more than 14.6 million men, women and children" since 2003.
March 5, 2019 —
According to a case study published in the journal Nature, a second person has maintained remission from HIV-1.
The "London patient" was treated with stem cell transplants from donors with an HIV-resistant mutation.
The London patient has been in remission for 18 months since he stopped taking antiretroviral drugs.
The study also includes a possible third remission after stem cell transplantation, this person is known as the "Düsseldorf patient."
May 2, 2019 —
A study of nearly 1,000 same-sex male couples, where an HIV-positive partner took antiretroviral therapy (ART), found no new cases of transmission to the HIV-negative partner during sex without a condom.
The landmark eight-year study, published in the Lancet medical journal, shows that the risk of transmitting the HIV virus is eliminated with effective drug treatment.
October 7, 2019 —
Governor Gavin Newsom signs a bill making HIV prevention medications available without a prescription in California beginning January 1, 2020. The medications covered by the new legislation are the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which help prevent HIV infections.
California is the first state in the country to allow pharmacists to dispense medications without a prescription.
November 6, 2019 —
According to a study published in the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, a team of scientists has detected a new strain of HIV.
The strain is part of the group M version of HIV-1, the same family of virus subtypes to blame for the global HIV pandemic, according to Abbott Laboratories, which conducted the research with the University of Missouri-Kansas City.
June 15, 2020 —
A study is published in the journal JAMA Network Open showing that the life expectancy of people with HIV approaches that of people without the virus when antiviral therapy is started early in the infection. .
However, disparities continue to exist in the number of chronic health problems experienced by people with HIV.
November 16, 2021 --
An Argentine is the second HIV patient who could have been "cured" of the infection without stem cell treatment, in an extremely rare case, an international team of scientists reported in the Annals of Internal Medicine. .
December 20, 2021 --
The US Food and Drug Administration announces that it has approved the first injectable drug for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV through sexual intercourse.
February 15, 2022 --
An American woman becomes the third known person to enter remission from HIV, the first mixed-race woman, thanks to a cord blood stem cell transplant, according to research presented at a conference about retroviruses and opportunistic infections.
AIDSHIV