Several Western countries accuse China of cyberattacks targeting government systems. Cyberattacks generally take two forms: espionage and attempts at destabilization.

In each of its countries, there are several groups of “attackers’ Some are close to the state and are in the army or intelligence services. Other pirates act for independent mercenary groups, but they are paid to carry out these offensives. The latter can, for example, pretend to be someone else, as Gérôme Billois reminds us.