European democracies facing the Putin challenge

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, they slept the sleep of the just, rid of the communist threat, protected by the American security umbrella, with the certainty of having driven out History, the great one, the one that is made with blows of cannons, from the mainland.

European democracies were abruptly awakened from their torpor by Russian aggression in Ukraine.

Will this revival restore vigor to their increasingly contested values?

Or will it be insufficient and too late to avoid the collapse of a world which, from the Enlightenment to the rights of man, with the energy and the confidence that freedom gives, had believed its model to be irresistible and universal?

This question, revived by the war in Ukraine, hovered above all the debates of the Conversations de Tocqueville, organized between the two sides of the Atlantic on July 8 and 9 in the castle of Normandy where Alexis de Tocqueville wrote the second part of his masterpiece,

Governance crises in the West

After…

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