A large police force searched 17 apartments and a forest in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg on Thursday.
400 police officers and special task forces from several countries were deployed.
The Stuttgart public prosecutor's office is investigating 19 suspects.
They are suspected of violating the War Weapons Control Act, the police said.
The police had previously received a notice that armed people in Wehrmacht uniforms should have met in a building in the Biberach district.
Thereupon the criminal police in Ulm determined further suspects.
Accordingly, it concerns men and women between 27 and 77 years.
Equipped with Wehrmacht uniforms and weapons, they are said to have come together in a forest and, among other things, reenacted war scenarios.
References to the right-wing extremist scene are being examined
According to initial investigations, the suspects should not have had official permits to hold these meetings and carry weapons.
There are still suspicions that the men and women also used weapons that fall under the War Weapons Control Act.
In addition, they are said to have worn clothing with anti-constitutional symbols.
According to SPIEGEL information, the investigators have "state security-relevant findings" on two of the 19 suspects.
Possible references to the right-wing extremist scene are currently being examined, according to security circles.
The investigations into the level of organization of the suspects and any ringleaders continued.
It is also being investigated whether it is a kind of military sports group modeled on the right-wing extremist "WSG Hoffmann", or whether the suspects can be assigned to the so-called re-enactment movement.
Computers, guns, ammunition, anti-constitutional symbols
Investigators seized computers, a variety of weapons, ammunition, uniform parts, vehicles and anti-constitutional symbols during the searches on Thursday.
The emergency services also found grenades.
Explosives experts should now examine them.
According to the police, two detonators were detonated in a controlled manner in the Sigmaringen district.
In the districts of Esslingen, Sigmaringen and the Rems-Murr-Kreis, the investigators secured such a number of weapons that trucks were needed to transport them.
Experts should now clarify whether the seized weapons are real or whether they are so-called fake weapons.
The suspects were released for the time being.
According to a police spokeswoman, the search measures were not yet completed by Thursday evening and would continue on Friday.
The Baden-Württemberg Interior Minister Thomas Strobl said in view of the investigation: "We are doing everything we can to nip extremist dangers in the bud."
He described the searches as a "good, hard blow against extremist tendencies."
The background of these actions should be "examined in detail by the law enforcement authorities".
In addition, it should be determined whether the crime is politically motivated.
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