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Near Eilat was the proof: this is how David and King Solomon dressed 3,000 years ago
Breakthrough study: Archaeologists have uncovered pieces of cloth dyed in the royal crimson color from the time of Kings David and Solomon.
The researchers: "The color immediately caught our eye, but we did not believe we found real crimson from such an early period."
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Ziv Reinstein
Thursday, January 28, 2021, 9 p.m.
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Weaves made of wool and decorated with red and blue stripes found in Timna (Photo: Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority)
"Aperion, King Solomon made for him - of the trees of Lebanon. His pillars he made of silver, his cushion was of gold, his body was of purple, and his loins were high.
(Song of Songs 3: 9): For the first time in the Land of Israel and in the southern Levant in general, a rare felt was unveiled painted in the color of royal crimson, from the time of Kings David and Solomon.
As part of a study of avoidable dye fabrics that lasted several years, to the surprise of the researchers, remains of fabric, strand and wool fibers, dyed in the royal crimson color, were discovered.
Carbon-14 direct dating stated that the finds date to around 1000 BC - in the Bible, the period of David and Solomon in Jerusalem. The color, extracted from snails in the Mediterranean, more than 300 km away, is often mentioned in the Bible and appears in various contexts in tradition Jewish and Christian.
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To the full article
A piece of crimson-dyed fabric (Photo: Israel Antiquities Authority, Dafna Gazit)
"Thanks to the extreme dryness of the place, organic materials are also found."
Prof. Ben-Yosef in Timna (Photo: Israel Antiquities Authority, Sagi Bornstein, courtesy of a Tel Aviv University project)
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Remains of clothes from the days of the Kingdom of Israel were discovered in Timna Park
Nobles, priests and kings
This is the first time that a crimson-dyed fabric from the Iron Age has been found in the Land of Israel - and in general in the Levant.
The study was led by Dr. Naama Sukenik of the Israel Antiquities Authority and Prof. Erez Ben-Yosef of the Yaakov M. Department of Archeology.
Alkov at Tel Aviv University, in collaboration with Prof. Zohar Amar, Dr. David Iluz, Dr. Alex Verwak of Bar Ilan University and Dr. Orit Shamir of the Israel Antiquities Authority. The surprising findings are published today in the prestigious journal PLOS ONE.
"This is an exciting and very important discovery." , Explains Dr. Naama Sukenik, curator of organic finds at the Israel Antiquities Authority.
"This is the first time a piece of cloth from the time of David and Solomon has been discovered, painted in the prestigious crimson. Until the present discovery, we only knew of snail debris, and ceramic fragments with paint stains, which were evidence of the crimson industry in the Iron Age, but this is the first time we have direct evidence of the dyed fabrics themselves, which have been preserved for 3,000 years. ".
A piece of crimson-painted fabric from 3,000 years ago that was uncovered in Timna (Photo: Israel Antiquities Authority, Dafna Gazit)
Excavations at Slave Hill in Timna (Photo: Israel Antiquities Authority, Chai Ashkenazi, courtesy of Tel Aviv University's Timna Excavations Project)
"The color immediately caught our eye"
Prof. Erez Ben-Yosef from the Department of Archeology at Tel Aviv University, who has been in charge of the excavations at the site for several years, said: "A delegation from Tel Aviv University has been digging in Timna continuously since 2013. Thanks to the extreme dryness, we are able to find organic materials such as fabrics, ropes and skins. The Iron Attack, the days of David and Solomon - a collection that gives us a unique glimpse into life in biblical times. Even if we dig another hundred years in Jerusalem, there are no textiles from 3,000 years ago.
"The preservation in Timna is exceptional, and is only equivalent to much later sites such as Masada and Bar Caves Kochba.
In recent years we have been digging a new site within Timna called 'Slave Hill'.
The name may be confusing, as the workers there were not slaves at all - but expert deaf people.
Timna was a center of copper production, the oil of the Iron Age.
The copper production required advanced, and probably secret, metallurgical knowledge, and those who possessed this knowledge were the 'hitchhikers' of the period.
Slave Hill is the largest copper mining site in the Jordan Valley and is filled with piles of industrial waste, such as slag from smelting kilns.
In one of these piles we found three painted pieces of cloth.
The color immediately caught our eye, but we did not believe we had found a real crimson from such an early period. "
A piece of crimson-dyed cloth from the time of Kings David and Solomon (Photo: Israel Antiquities Authority, Dafna Gazit)
Wool fiber under a microscope (Photo: Israel Antiquities Authority, Dr. Naama Sukenik)
According to the researchers, real crimson was produced from three species of snails living in the Mediterranean: dull-thorned crimson, single-thorned crimson and red-mouthed crimson.
The dye was produced from a gland located in the snail's body in a complex chemical process that lasted several days.
Today, it is accepted by most researchers that the two prestigious colors, crimson and light blue, were produced from the crimson snail under different light exposure conditions.
In light exposure the blue hue is obtained, while without exposure the crimson hue is obtained.
These colors are often mentioned side by side in the sources, and both have symbolic and religious significance to this day.
The priests in the temple, David and Solomon, the Christian Jesus - all wore, according to the narrator, clothes dyed in crimson.
The analytical tests conducted at Bar Ilan University Laboratories, together with the color reproductions made by Prof. Zohar Amar and Dr. Naama Sukenik, can indicate the species they used to dye Timna fabrics and the shades they wanted to achieve. "There, he cracked thousands of snails (which the Italians eat) and extracted from their color glands a material that was used for hundreds of attempts to recreate the early painting." Practical work took us back thousands of years, "says Prof. Amar, And the purple crimson. "The
color identification was done with an advanced analytical device (HPLC) and indicated the presence of unique color molecules, originating only in those species of snails. According to Dr. Sukenik," Most of the color fabrics found in Timna, including in archaeological research, were dyed using various plants Available and easier to dye. The use of animal dyes is considered much more prestigious, and served as an important parameter, which testified to the wearer's economic and social status.
In one of the pieces the double dyeing method, in which two kinds of snails are advanced, is used to enrich the dye.
This technology is described by the Roman historian Pliny the Elder, from the 1st century AD, and the paint produced is considered the most prestigious. "
The three species of snails that were used to produce the color crimson (Photo: Israel Antiquities Authority, Shachar Cohen Courtesy of Prof. Zohar Amar Bar Ilan University)
Dr. Naama Sukenik and Prof. Erez Ben-Yosef in the organic warehouses of the Jerusalem Antiquities Authority (Photo: Israel Antiquities Authority, Yuli Schwartz)
Trade between the sea and the desert
Prof. Ben-Yosef identifies the site of copper production in Timna with the biblical Kingdom of Edom, which bordered the Kingdom of Israel to the south.
According to him, the dramatic findings should revolutionize the way we think about nomadic societies throughout the Iron Age.
"The new findings strengthen our assumption that Timna was an elite, meaning that society there was stratified. In addition, since the source of the snails in the Mediterranean, this society probably maintained trade relations with other peoples, who lived on the coastal plain. Permanent Kingdom was a nomadic kingdom.When we think of nomads, it is difficult for us to break free from the parallel to contemporary Bedouins, and accordingly difficult for us to imagine kings without magnificent stone palaces and walled cities.But under certain conditions, nomads can also create a complex socio-political structure. The Bible knew how to identify as a kingdom.
"Of course, all this discussion throws back on Jerusalem.
We know that the tribes of Israel were originally nomads, and that the settlement process was long and slow.
Archaeologists are looking for King David's palace, but it is possible that David did not express his wealth in luxury buildings, but in a way that better suited nomadic heritage, such as fabrics and objects. "
According to Ben-Yosef," It is a mistake to assume that In Jerusalem they are necessarily a literary fiction.
The new study in Timna, showed us that even without such structures, there were kings in our area who ruled over complex societies, formed alliances and trade relations and fought each other.
"The expression of the wealth of a mobile company is not measured in palaces and monuments made of stone, but in things that were no less expensive in the ancient world - such as the copper produced in Timna and the crimson traded with the copper producers in Timna."
The Slave Hill in the center of the Timna Valley (Photo: Israel Antiquities Authority, Erez Ben Yosef and the Timna Excavation Project of Tel Aviv University)
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